Theories of Leadership and the Effective organisations Change

Introduction Organisationsal change is a contribution to the organisation leadership. Prudent leadership, therefore, becomes a key to any organisation that aspires to change its way of operation or service delivering to the targeted stakeholders (CanÃŒÆ'as, 2001). Change may be witnessed in the terms of goods and services, as well as organisation’s operations in both management and business, among other areas (Yeo, 2001).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Theories of Leadership and the Effective organisations Change specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The idea behind a business change means a possible risk of value in an organisation. With all these factors being constant, organisations change requires sound decision making from the organisations leadership. It is noted that leaders consider different quality hence subjecting their organisations to different changes (Covey, 2004). The changes witnessed depend o n the leader’s qualities and exposure, among others, like the environment issues. There are various theories of leadership which elaborate how leadership in an organisations affects its possible changes, for example, â€Å"Great Man† Theory, Trait Theory, Situational Theory, Behavioral Theory, Contingency Theory, Participative Theory, Management Theory and Relationship Theory (Tomey, 2009). Each leader may have the qualities of one or more theories, hence contributing differently to the organisation. Leaders mentor, control and manage others in the organisation and organisations development, or any kind of change depends on the top leadership. A leader that posses many quality factors has an impact all through the business environment hence initiating the most desired changes in the organisation (Novick, 2008). â€Å"Great Man† Theory According to this theory, leaders are born, and leadership skills are inherited from the parents. According to this theory, leade rs are not made, and one must come from a background of leaders hence making this quality to be of particular use in the society (Sennett, 2006). Leaders, as proclaimed by this theory, foster change and stability in there area of operation with courage and stability. If this theory is used, it then means that the current organisation can not be managed or led by somebody who relies on the education but it is managed by the sons and daughters of former managers or leaders (Novick, 2008). This is a discriminating idea of leadership.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This theory kills innovativeness in the organisations hence leaving all the organisations duties, mainly in decision making, dependent on one leader. As far as effective organisations change is concerned, â€Å"Great Man† theory do not add value, thus all the decisions in an organisations should be resolved by a group of leaders but not by one single great leader because organisations has different department which requires different exposures for one to manage a change (Northouse, 2009). The use of this theory could not be able to effectively manage a worthy change in an organisation, and everything should be embraced to make change in the area of the operation. This theory discourages effective organisations change mainly because it creates an fair authority of one particular person within an organisation hence limiting the decision making process whereby all decisions must come from a single leader, and a particular organisations must be led by a particular leader from a particular background (Northouse, 2007). Holding all the factors constant, this limits diversification whereby different style of leadership is required. Diversification helps to manage different interests in different organisations environment. It is currently encouraged that for an organisation to effectively mange a change, the leaders of different unit must be willing and able to work as a team and not a particular single leader. This theory is been practiced in political field in countries that do not embrace democracy. This kind of leadership does not embrace change of the notion, both socially and economically, hence been rated as a poor leadership practice (Krajewski, 2010). Trait Theory It is similar to the great man theory but it mostly relies on qualities shared by the leaders. Having a similar quality as compared to another leader fails to define the leadership quality due to the changing environment in an organisations (Northouse, 2010). All the same, leaders, according to this theory, do have similar traits. They do not have the same qualities, but they have one objective goal, change.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Theories of Leadership and the Effective organisations Change specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The ability to change the quality of the organisations goods and services and the organisations culture within the organisations defines a good leader (Larson, 2011). A good leader has a dream and a vision which he or she wishes to achieve within a particular time frame (Larson, 2011). This is different from the theory’s primary objective whereby it identifies leaders of the same traits but of different goals and vision in a particular area in an organisations. To make a constructive change in an organisations, it turns to be a process but not an event as it can be provided by the theory whereby it identifies leaders with similarities in character and behavior. A leader who provides a change in an organisations must be willing to push to the accomplishment of his or her goals and vision in that particular area (Morgan, 2006). If trait theory is a subject to go up with, it means that the individual quality, vision and willingness to change things will not help the organisation s to identify the desired leaders but only their similarities in some traits. Similarities in traits can not make a good leader, and hence organisations should embrace a vision leadership for them to uncover change. Situational Theory Organisationsal change goes hand in hand with leadership prudence. It is with this notion that situational theory provides a platform where every situation depends on different leader’s action or decision (Northouse, 2010). This theory accommodates different decisions in different organisationsal environments hence facilitating organisationsal change. Every organisations unit, as far as situation theory is concerned, should have its leader who has the right to consult with other stakeholders within the same unit and come up with a good solution (Northouse, 2010). Therefore, leaders are advised to consult with the others, and decision making becomes a consultative move but not an individual one (Northouse, 2010). This improves the decision sensit ivity, hence making sure that the decision made is relevant to the organisations environment. Effective leadership involves the ability to accommodate others in the organisations as well as gives others a chance freely to express their views concerning a particular subject (Nohria, 2010).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This can improve the decision making process as well as making all stakeholders feel a part of the organisations.On the other hand, this theory embraces organisations culture where everyone plays his/her role without fear hence doing his/her the best (Northouse, 2010). This is a positive move towards the organisations change, both internally and externally. The theory provides a platform where all are given a chance to contribute to the organisationsal growth or change in a particular area of concern. A leader in this theory must be willing and able to accommodate others, and the decision should be done in a consultative way (Morgan, 2006). This provides an all inclusive environment where the organisations works as a unit, hence making it easier to make a change or to improve on a particular area of concern. Financial organisations can provide a good example where situational theory is practiced. It is worth noting that this sector is controlled by the central banks by fixing rates both to control inflation and deflation (Marquis, 2009). Leaders in this sector are expected to adopt what is necessary depending on the environmental change (Marquis, 2009). Situation leadership style helps the banks continue making profit irrespective of the economic environment facing the industry. If failed to follow the current environmental factors, the financial institution will be subjected to loses. Behavioral Theory Leaders are made, and they are not born. This is a key statement of this theory, which accommodates everyone, irrespective of the mental capacity or individual background (Lencioni, 2002.p.53). It is noted that leadership is a process which might start to develop in any organisation stakeholder, irrespective of the individual position in the organisation. To impact a change in the organisations, all the stakeholders must be willing and able to work to ward the subject area (Nohria, 2010). This can only be achieved if all are given a chance to do their best to a chieve the subject goal (Nohria, 2010). This gives everybody an opportunity to control and participate in decision masking process making the desired goal relevant, and more attention is given to the action of an individual stakeholder as opposed to individual academic and mental capacity. The ability to be flexible both in decision making and implementation makes an impact on different leaders, so everybody has a chance for a personal growth (Larson, 2011). This helps the organisations manage the current issues mainly because all the stakeholders are given a motivation to make decision and implement it within the organisations. On the other hand, the organisations units stand to grow uniformly hence posing an organisations change. It is noted that for an organisations to grow and make either social or economic change, all the stakeholders must be involved in the decision making process and implementation of the change, and individual contribution should be given a chance to promote a good organisations culture whereby growth is possible (Krajewski, 2010.p. 34). The theory provides a platform where effective leadership is exercised, hence providing the ways by which organisations change concept is possible. Contingency Theory Contingency theory embraces different leadership style depending on the environment. This is a prudent theory which allows change when it is appropriate (Kouzes, 2007). It is advisable for the organisations leadership to embrace different style to manage the environmental challenges facing the organisations. In some cases, the leader is expected to make urgent decisions without consulting the others, and in some cases, he/she may give all the stakeholders to participate in decision making process (Hill Jones, 2009). The ability to know when to involve others in the decision making process or define everything on his/her own is the leader’s ability to lead. Embracing this theory, it is possible for the organisations to manage the c hange and effectively deliver the desired quality. By observing contingency theory, the organisations posses an opportunity to grow mainly because of the leadership and decision making flexibility within its organs. Dependent on the environment, flexibility in decision making process helps the organisations take advantage of the environment, hence competing well (Hands, 2011). To limit decision making flexibility, the organisations cannot achieve the desired change, and in some cases, it will not be able to meet the market expectations (Hands, 2011). This will give other market players an upper hand, hence limiting the organisations profitability. Dependent on the environment, flexibility in decision making process helps the organisations take advantage of the environment, hence competing well (Hands, 2011). To limit decision making flexibility, the organisations cannot achieve the desired change, and in some cases, it will not be able to meet the market expectations (Hands, 2011). This will give other market players an upper hand, hence limiting the organisations profitability. Participative Theory Participative theory accounts and appreciates others’ contribution. This theory gives chance to all to involve in the decision making process as well as provides an opportunity to model their area of operation (Northouse, 2010). This kind of leadership creates an effective organisationsal change in an organisation, whereby all the stakeholders express their views on various issues affecting the organisations (Goleman, 2002). This helps the organisations leaders with wide range of information regarding various subjects make informative decision. Leaders who practice participation theory of leadership build a good relationship with all the stakeholders in the organization, whereby they find a chance to associate with the organisations growth and development (Rampur, n.d). In case the leader fails to practice this kind of leadership, other stakeholders will fin d it difficult to associate with the organisation’s development, hence making it unrealistic to maintain. Marketing development department, for example, must be willing and able to adopt this strategy mainly because it enhances creativity and innovativeness (Jones, Jones George 2011). Holding the fact that the current business environment is changing, it is important for the organisations’ leaders to account for all the suggestions made by professionals within the departments (Rampur, n.d). This will help the organisations competitiveness be realistic and up to date. Failing to accommodate these, the organisations can not withstand various environmental changes (Finkelstein, 2009). Management Theory This kind of leadership is implemented in a competitive business environment where rewards and motivation are expected by the supporting staffs (Covey, 2004. P. 13). A leader in this scope ensures that results are delivered by the staffs with an intention to meet a specifi c goal. Although this kind of leadership can be said to be dictatorial, it is necessary when the leading figure is a result of the oriented person. This kind of leadership ensures that his or her organisation meets the expected targets, maintaining a change in the organisations (Few, 2006). Most of the businesses that are managed by this kind of leadership are aimed at surviving all the environmental, and it is the responsibility of the leader to facilitate this transition. For example, in the financial industry, leaders ensure that their organisations retain a good reputation in terms of both the effectiveness of the services as well as organisations profit motive agenda (Daft, 2011.p. 41). It is the role of the leader to oversee this, so he or she must be willing to motivate the employees if their performance is poor. This ensures that all perform duties well, hence achieving effective organisationsal change (Daft, 2011.p. 41). Relationship Theory It is also known as a transformat ional theory where reflects the relationship between the leaders and the followers in an organisations is only reflected. This theory, if practiced in an organisation, helps to improve the relationship between the leaders and the followers (Daft, 2011.p. 41). If the relationship between the two sides is profound, it then means that the organisations will have a good working relation, hence effectively transforming areas of challenges as a team (Covey, 2004). Teamwork is more embraced by this theory than by any other approach, and all the organisations members work as a team hence delivering more (Covey, 2004. P. 76). A good example to demonstrate this contribution is a marketing department. All the stakeholders in this department must be willing and able to work as a team for the good of their result. One can perform the duty of this department alone. Creativity and innovativeness of the members are necessary for this department to get results (Covey, 2004. P. 12).. Conclusion Prude nt leadership is the key of the organisationsal performance. A leader should be able to relate well with other stakeholders, be able to make decisions as well as manage and direct the others while meeting the organisations duties. With all these leadership qualities, the leader has the capacity, therefore, to impact an organisationsal change in his or her organisations, irrespective of the environmental condition prevailing (Cini, 1999, p 23). References CanÃŒÆ'as, KA, Sondak, H 2011, Opportunities and challenges of workplace diversity: theory, cases, and exercises, 2nd ed, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J. Cini, M 1996, The European Commission: leadership, organisation, and culture in the EU administration, Manchester University Press, Manchester. Covey, SR 2004, The 7 habits of highly effective people: restoring the character ethic, Rev. edn, Free Press, New York. Daft, RL Lane, P G 2011, Leadership, 5th ed., International ed, South-Western Cengage Learning, Mason, Ohio. F ew, S 2006, Information dashboard design: the effective visual communication of data, O’Reilly, Beijing. Finkelstein, S, Hambrick, DC, Cannella, AA 2009, Strategic leadership: theory and research on executives, top management teams, and boards, Oxford University Press, New York. Goleman, D, Boyatzis, RE, McKee, A 2002, Primal leadership: realizing the power of emotional intelligence, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, Mass. Hands, J 2011, @ is for activism: dissent, resistance and rebellion in a digital culture, Pluto, London. Hill, CW, Jones, GR 2009. Strategic management theory: an integrated approach, 9th ed, South-Western Cengage Learning, Mason, Ohio. Jones, G., Jones, G. R., George, J. M. 2011. Essentials of contemporary management, 4th ed, McGraw-Hill/Irwin, Boston. Kouzes, JM, Posner, BZ 2002, The leadership challenge, 3rd ed, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco. Krajewski, LJ, Ritzman, LP, Malhotra, MK 2010, Operations management: processes and supply chains, 9th ed , Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J. Larson, EW, Gray, CF 2011, Project management: the managerial process, 5th ed, McGraw-Hill Irwin, New York. Lencioni, P 2002, The five dysfunctions of a team: a leadership fable. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco. Marquis, BL, Huston, CJ 2009, Leadership roles and management functions in nursing: theory and application, 6th ed, Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams Wilkins, Philadelphia. Morgan, G 2006, Images of organisations, Updated ed, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks. Nohria, N, Khurana, R 2010, Handbook of leadership theory and practice: an HBS centennial colloquium on advancing leadership. Harvard Business Press, Boston, Mass. Northouse, PG 2009, Introduction to leadership: concepts and practice, Sage Publications, Los Angeles. Northouse, PG 2007, Leadership: theory and practice, 4th ed, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks. Northouse, P G 2010, Leadership: theory and practice, 5th ed, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks. Novick, LF, Morrow , CB, Mays, GP 2008, Public health administration: principles for population-based management, 2nd ed, Jones and Bartlett Pub, Sudbury, Mass. Sennett, R 2006, The culture of the new capitalism, Yale University Press, New Haven. Tomey, A 2009, Guide to nursing management and leadership, 8th ed, Mosby Elsevier, St. Louis, Mo. Yeo, RR 2001, Encyclopaedic visions: scientific dictionaries and enlightenment culture, University Cambridge Press, Cambridge. This essay on Theories of Leadership and the Effective organisations Change was written and submitted by user Vance Marshall to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Definition and Examples of Sententiae in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Sententiae in Rhetoric In classical rhetoric, a  sententia  is a maxim, proverb, aphorism, or popular quotation: a brief expression of conventional wisdom. Plural: sententiae. A  sententia, said the Dutch  Renaissance humanist  Erasmus, is an adage  that bears particularly on â€Å"instruction in living (Adagia, 1536). See Examples and Observations below. Also see: 2,000 Pure Fools: An Anthology of AphorismsCommonplaceEnthymemeLogosWhat Is a Maxim? EtymologyFrom the Latin, feeling, judgment, opinion Examples and Observations It is best to insert sententiae discreetly, that we may be viewed as judicial advocates, not moral instructors.(Rhetorica ad Herennium, c. 90 BC)A mans as miserable as he thinks he is.(Seneca the Younger)No man is laughable who laughs at himself.(Seneca the Younger)Things forbidden have a secret charm.(Tacitus)Greater things are believed of those who are absent.(Tacitus)A bad peace is worse than war.(Tacitus)Post-Ciceronian Latin gave vigor and point to style by the frequent use of sententiaeclever, sometimes epigrammatic, apothegmatic turns of phrase: what oft was thought but ner so well expressd, as Alexander Pope was to put it. Quintilian devotes a chapter to sententiae (8.5), acknowledging that they had become a necessary part of the orators art.(George A. Kennedy, Classical Rhetoric. Encyclopedia of Rhetoric. Oxford University  Press, 2001)Sententiae in the Renaissance- A sententia, which had overtones of its classical Latin sense of judgement, was a pithy and memorable phrase : a recitall of some grave matter which both beautified and graced a style. Several writers were clear that testimony could take the form of a Notable sentence or was a sententia of a witness. Richard Sherry, in his Treatise of Schemes and Tropes (1550), closely associated the sententia with the argument from testimony or authority when he defined it as one of the seven kinds of figure called Indicacio, or authoritie.(R.W. Serjeantson, Testimony. Renaissance Figures of Speech, ed. by Sylvia Adamson, Gavin Alexander, and Katrin Ettenhuber. Cambridge University  Press, 2008)- Scholasticism developed around the medieval tendency to treat ancient sourcesboth the Bible and certain texts of classical antiquityas authoritative. So strong was this tendency that individual sentences from a respected source, even when taken out of context, could be employed to secure a point in debate. These isolated statements from ancient sources were called sententiae. Some authors collected large number s of sententiae into anthologies for educational and disputational purposes. Disputes centered on debatable points suggested by one or more sententiae, these debatable notions being called quaestiones. Education by debating general topics drawn from authoritative statements reveals one way in which rhetorical and dialectical practices made their way into the Middle Ages. . . .Writers now known as the Italian Humanists were responsible for a resurgence of interest in the languages and texts of classical antiquity during the Renaissance period, an orientation referred to as classicism. . . .[T]he Humanists sought to place the text in its historical context, in order to establish the correct value of words and phrases. . . . As noted [above], the scholastic practice of splintering classical sources into individual statements or sententiae led to the loss of original meaning and even of authorial identity. Charles Nauert writes, from Petrarch onward, humanists insisted on reading each o pinion in its context, abandoning the anthologies . . . and subsequent interpretations and going back to the full original text in search of the authors real meaning.(James A. Herrick, The History and Theory of Rhetoric, 3rd ed. Pearson, 2005) Pronunciation: sen-TEN-she-ah

Ann Arbor Probation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ann Arbor Probation - Essay Example Due to this department being a state agency it reports directly to the governor and as a result, is indirectly influenced by citizen voters. This influence, fortunately, does not affect the day to day workings of the probation department. Management of the field operations administration falls directly on the correctional facilities management administration and then back to the director’s office. The political aspects rarely directly affect the workings of the probation department in this respect. The strengths of a tall hierarchy as seen in our local probation department is that they have the full power of the state of Michigan supporting their decisions and a clear chain of command allowing for a much better approach regarding efficiency. The weaknesses would originate from the political side and could potentially cause disruptions in service if allowed to directly affect the daily working of the department itself. Given the insulating effect of multiple layers of structure, the political leadership is, however, hampered in its ability to truly affect change at a base level within the organization itself. Would it be possible for this agency to move to a flat hierarchy and still maintain positive control of the daily workings within the department, the short answer would seem to be no. However, if the flat hierarchy was approached with a private mentality looking to a profit based outlay the possibilities begin to open up. For instance, using a flat hierarchy and a profit based structure for employees and management one could potentially prevent loss of command control through the use of financial motivation among the staff and individuals working there. The idea would be to base bonuses on a net profit/loss approach and drive productivity to reflect a desire for additional money.

Essay Part 1 & Part 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Part 1 & Part 2 - Essay Example The greenery of the path as revealed by the grass on both of its sides represents a well conserved environment. Looking at the picture, it is almost impossible to fail noticing how smooth the terrain of the path is. It is this smoothness which makes walking or riding along the path to be both relaxing and ambient. The freshness of the atmosphere along the path is depicted by the surrounding vegetation which makes the path a place where an individual will always long to walk or ride along. The safety that bikers are accorded in riding along the path is demonstrated by the fact that the path is relatively far from the main highway. Figure 2 below is that of a wall which I consider to create a need to do something about it. The wall which is located in semi-busy part within town is seen by a considerable number of people who pass by it. The people who pass along the wall must consider it a significant part of the town. As depicted by the picture, the wall is not exactly appealing. This is demonstrated by the graffiti on the wall which is not artistic at all. It is because of this that I consider that the wall must be repainted so that it would be appealing. On a closer look on the picture, it is realized that some parts of it are actually falling down. This leads to the conclusion that if the wall cannot be repaired and repainted, them it needs to be removed. The current situation of this wall clearly gives the town a bad image. This is so especially for visitors and tourists who would be in town for the first time. Additionally, this wall evidently shows that a lot less is being done to improve the image of the town. The recommendation for making changes or improvements on the wall is therefore basically aimed at making it appealing and interesting to walk along as opposed to its current unattractive look. Figure 3 below shows a picture of a Macbook Pro. This product is a cultural artifact

Admission Seeking Interviews Essay Example for Free

Admission Seeking Interviews Essay There are several reasons why a person would consider and actually go through with committing fraud. It could be due to a perceived pressure, for example financial problems, abuses like drugs or alcohol, pressure from superiors, or simply because the individual is a disgruntled employee who thinks the company â€Å"owes them†. Or the reason could be they want to increase their lifestyle like â€Å"keeping up with the Joneses†. Other pressures could come from superiors who coerce employees to go along with the fraud or lose their jobs. Fraudsters rationalize their misdeeds with thoughts like; they will replace the stolen asset in the near future before anyone notices, or maybe the boss is doing it so why can’t I? Higher level employees like the CEO may rationalize that stock prices will be higher if they manipulate the financial statements, after all who they are hurting? It all comes out in the wash, right? Creative accounting is all it takes and adjustments could be made in the future to remedy this year’s fraud. Individuals who do a fraudulent act typically have the opportunity to commit the fraud. It could be because of shoddy internal controls; even with good internal controls a determined person could find a way to override them. A CEO or manager may think they are high enough on the totem pole that no one would question their antics. Once a fraud has been discovered or reported the fraud examiner must do his/her homework. They must secure data and documents to determine if a fraud has actually happened. Once all the evidence has been gathered about the crime and the subjects background has been determined the fraud examiner sets up an appointment which could be a planned or spontaneous event. He/she would interview the interviewee using a variety of techniques and executing objectivity, fairness and professionalism at all times. The subject who thinks the interviewer is out to help them and does ot judge their misdeeds would be more forthcoming with information so it is important that the interviewer thanks the person periodically offers breaks and concessions lie coffee or a drink. Once it has been determined that the subject was involved through investigation and preliminary interviews the examiner would sympathize with the subject stating such things as â€Å"anyone would do that in your position†. It is important that they establish a rationalization and motive for the fraud. The fraud examiner could produce other witness’ statements to try to get the subject to reveal their motive. Once the motive or rationalization is uncovered it would be important to discover how the act took place. What opportunities did the subject have to commit the crime? Examples could be poor internal controls, management that was lax, or the fraudster was capable of outsmarting his superiors. There are many recommended methods to have a successful interview. Each case is unique and has to be handled in a different way, but the outcome is pretty much the same. The purpose to an admission seeking interview is to determine how it was done, opportunity, why it was done, rationalization, and finally what made the person do it, perceived pressure. In closing, people are complex and unique in their make-up; there is no mold or template that determines who will commit a fraud or why they may do it. Not all people that have pressures for example sole providers of a struggling family, or can rationalize a reason, or have the opportunity will commit a fraudulent act. Basically we all have to live our lives under a certain code of conduct. People who deviate from the honest worker lack morals in my opinion. It is up to the examiner to uncover the truth. The fraud triangle is a helpful tool that gives a standard of the typical fraudster. Classifying potential pressures, opportunities, or probable rationalizations and by using the techniques of a successful interviewer one should net the desired result in determining if the subject is indeed guilty or just being set up by the whistleblower for whatever reason.

Those Most Nearly Touched: Social Criticism in American Literature :: essays research papers fc

One of the most influential critics of the social problems in American history was Civil Rights spokesperson W.E.B. DuBois, who believed that "Honest and earnest criticism from those whose interests are most nearly touched--criticism of writers by readers, of government by those governed, of leaders by those led--this is the soul of democracy and the safeguard of modern society." One of the leading vehicles of such criticism since the beginning of the United States of America was literature. Like Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin, American literature molded its history by changing social perspectives with authors’ voices. Stowe’s character changed popular American society’s views on the morality of permanent servitude, and other writers have introduced new views into mainstream thought by providing social criticism of their generations through characters’ perspectives. Three such writers were Stephen Crane, Flannery Oâ€⠄¢Connor, and Hunter S. Thompson. Crane’s criticism of the nature of war, O’Connor’s criticism of gender, racism and religion, and Thompson’s criticism of the deterioration of American values were all voices of American generations and essential elements of the evolution of modern American society. Stephen Crane’s The Red Badge of Courage was a novel that exploited an underlying irony of the nature of the American Civil War and war itself, as it was the â€Å"first non-romantic novel of the Civil War to attain widespread popularity.† Rather than depicting soldiers fighting for some noble and important cause, like literature of the American Revolution, Crane painted what seemed to be â€Å"loosely cohering incidents† that demystified and reshaped his generation’s views on warfare. War was not dignified; it was â€Å"hard stuff. Men ran away howling. Bodies were strewn and torn. War, went the clichà ©, was hell.† Crane created characters and scenes that highlighted the problems of his America’s popular opinion of war for â€Å"those whose interests are most nearly touched.† In Crane’s novel, those people were the innocent young soldiers who were thrown into â€Å"hell† and bestowed with responsibilities and expectati ons of highly immoral standards. He showed his generation and generations of Americans to come the horrors and the true nature of war. By exposing the fears and inner thoughts of Henry Fleming in his new environments, Crane introduced America to the harsh reality that â€Å"the blue and the gray honestly don’t ever seem too entirely certain why they’re fighting each other.† These were merely young men killing each other without really understanding the reason.

Problems of Pakistan Essay

PROBLEMS OF PAKISTAN AND THEIR SOLUTIONS OUTLINE: 1.INTRODUCTION 2.PROBLEMS OF PAKISTANS A. INNER PROBLEMS a.TERRORISM b.SECTERIAN VIOLANCE c.ENERGY CRISIS d.POOR RULE OF LAW e.ECONOMIC MELTDOWN f.CORRUPTION g.POLITICAL DESTABILITY h.FLOODS i.INJUSTICE j.LACK OF NATIONAL INTEGRITY k.POVERTY l.UNEMPLOYMENT m.INFLATION B. OUTER PROBLEMS a.DRONE ATTACKS b.FOREIGN DEBTS c.LACK OF FDI d.WEAK FOREIGN POLICY SOLUTIONS a.TO CURB THE TERRORISM BY DIALOGUES AND MILIATRY OPERATIONS b.ENERGY CRISIS SHOULD BE TACKELED IMMIDIATELY c.RULE OF LAW SHOULD BE MIANTAINED AT ANY COST d.LONG AND SHORT TERM ECONOMIC POLICIES SHOULD BE LOUNCHED TO OVERCOME ECONOMIC PROBLEMS e.DAMS SHOULD BE MADE TO CURB WITH FLOODS f.UNEMPLOYMENT,POVERTY AND INJUSTICE SHOULD BE ERADICATED g.FAIR AND TRANSPARENT SYSTEM SHOULD BE LOUNCHED TO COPE WITH CORRUPTION h.ATMOSPHERE OF NATIONAL INTEGRITY SHOULD BE INSTALLED i.EFFECTIVE FOREIGN POLICY SHOULD BE MADE TO COPE WITH DRONE ATTACKS j.FOREIGN DEBTS SHOULD BE MINIMIZED CONCLUSION ESSAY: Today, pakostan is facing various problems. The intesity of these problems is increasing day by day.Infact, there are two types of problems, the inner problems and the outer problems.The inner problems like terrorism, secterian violance,target killing,energy crisis,economic meltdown,destability, poor rule of law,floods ,corruption ,injustice,poverty,unemployment,inflation and social disorder are weakining the country very fastly.On the other hand, the outer problems like drone attacks, weak foreign policy ,foreign debts,lack of foreign direct ivestment and foreign intervention are aloso detriorating the country to high extent.Owing to these problems the progress and development of the country has almost jammed.The economy of the country has shunned,the political destability has emerged,mobs and chaos has become the order of every day,religious intolrence has reached to its peak and the image of country has gone bad to worset.To overcome these problems, the government should take all necessary steps with proper planning.All the strategies should installed with tranparency to curb these problems.All the institutions and concerned authorities should lounche their steps in unity to cope these menaces.Apart from government, the individuals should also cooperate with government in this critical time to save the country.The above mentioned problems and their solutions will be discussed in appropriate manners in next paragraphs.